Equality by Differences Essay -- essays research papers fc

Correspondence by Differences      The end of the Civil War denoted the devastation of the foundation of subjugation and in this manner, in any event formally, the balance of all races inside America. Be that as it may, individuals used to being either slaves or experts for a long time basically don't change out of their previous jobs for the time being. In the decades following the Civil War, the heritage of subjection was obvious, as blacks battled with both destitution and peon status. Genuine uniformity had at this point been accomplished. Such was the point of authors like W.E.B Dubois and Booker T. Washington, who tried to put both level the social, political, and monetary playing fields for the two blacks and whites. Albeit both Dubois and Washington had comparable closures, they differ on the methods. Washington considered blacks’ neediness the more fundamental issue, guaranteeing that once blacks could build up themselves financially inside society, acknowledgment as political and social equivalents would follow. Nonetheless, Dubois took the contrary position by saying that the preparation of blacks for financial helpfulness was no better than what had happened during subjection, and that before all else, blacks as a race must attest their novel personality and social trustworthiness.      Booker T. Washington worried in his article, â€Å"The Awakening of the Negro†, the significance of blacks having the option to financially bolster themselves. By substantiating themselves as profitable citizenry, blacks could win the endorsement of whites, and gradually gain acknowledgment as equivalents. No longer would blacks be viewed as a sub-human individuals, yet a people that white individuals saw as deserving of regard and appreciation. By utilizing their status as a free people to incorporate themselves into the financial existence of America, blacks could turn into the suppliers of numerous products and necessities to whites. By turning into an indispensable gear-tooth in the financial machine, blacks could then turn into a social and political power that whites could not disregard anymore or excuse. This is the method of reasoning for Washington as he pushes modern preparing in his Tuskegee Institute: â€Å"we find that as consistently we put into a Southern people group shaded men who can begin a block yard, a sawmill, a tin-shop, or a printing-office, - men who produce something that makes the white man somewhat subordinate upon the Negro, rather than all the reliance being on the... ...p;    The two writers’ hypotheses were applied, all things considered, as Washington set up the Tuskegee Institute to help in the monetary preparing of dark people in the South, while Dubois shaped the NAACP to compose individuals of color as a gathering and race. Both Dubois and Washington had intelligent clarifications of their positions, and the products of their convictions and work are clear today, as race relations proceed to improve and the drive for genuine uniformity among Americans of each shading pushes forward. Works Cited Du Bois, W.E.B. â€Å"Of Our Spiritual Strivings.† Making Connections. McGraw-Hill:      Boston, 2001. Du Bois, W.E.B. â€Å"Of the Training of Black Men.† The Atlantic Monthly. 12 February 1997. <http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/blacked/dutrain.htm>. Washington, Booker T. â€Å"The Awakening of the Negro.† The Atlantic Monthly. 12 February 1997. <http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/blacked/washaw.htm>. Washington, Booker T. â€Å"The Case of the Negro.† The Atlantic Monthly. 12 February  â â â â  â â â â 1997. <http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/dark/washbh.htm>.

Point of View in Eudora Welty’s A Visit of Charity Essay -- Visit Char

Perspective in Eudora Welty’s A Visit of Charity  â â â Every from time to time perspective merits expounding on, on the grounds that lone once in a while is perspective entirely considered. In Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Visit of Charity,† the third-individual restricted perspective of the young lady, Marianâ€her hesitance, portrayals, and fearâ€exactly depict what a young lady may involvement with a nursing home.  â â â To Marian, this is likely the first run through in a nursing home. She is there just in light of the fact that she needs to pick up focuses; when asked who she might want to visit, Marian essentially states, â€Å"any of them will do.† She brought blossoms basically on the grounds that they included a point, and shrouded her apple outside as opposed to have it inadvertently viewed as a blessing. Marian is an unsure young lady; she is deftly mindful of all the point esteems related with the visit and is wearing a similar top that â€Å"all the young ladies were wearing that year.† While really visiting the women, she is extremely apprehensive, as a little youngster may be in a peculiar spot, however is as yet aware of her own undertakings ...

Finding the Right Sources of Essay Examples

Finding the Right Sources of Essay ExamplesHaving gone through the basics of writing a successful essay, you are probably wondering where to get more help with the tort bar exam. Whether you have prepared yourself for the exam before hand or are beginning your first ever attempt at passing the bar exam, it is very important that you find the right source of material to help you out.A great source of information is the Internet. There are so many websites dedicated to helping students prepare for the bar exam and many of them have sample essays to help you prepare for what you are about to encounter. You can find several essay examples as well as different topics to help you with each topic.The essay examples that you will find online can range from topics such as property law, contract law, appeals, criminal law, and ethics to civil rights and patents. There are a lot of different topics that are covered in these examples that you will find, giving you a great starting point for your essay to follow up on.One thing that you will need to keep in mind when looking over these examples is that they are often not entirely appropriate for use during the exam. The purpose of these samples is to help you prepare for your essay, but you need to remember that the exam is written in an informal way, so you will need to follow along closely and make sure that you are following the right number of examples when preparing for the exam.Another thing that you need to take into consideration is the fact that these samples are not that written for the exam. When you begin reading the sample essays, you will see that some of them are quite lengthy, and some of them will even require you to understand some legal jargon.These are typically taken from some sort of study material that you may have found on the Internet, and they are meant to be used in a general manner, so you will need to take all of the material that you find and really follow along with it. Make sure that you do n ot just take the words and phrases and try to apply them in your essay, but instead, understand how it should be used and then take what you have learned and make it your own.There are various other sources of essay samples as well, but this is usually the most helpful in terms of getting to know your topic better and giving you an idea of how you will need to write an essay. With so many different topics that are covered in the essays that you find online, you should be able to learn as much as you need to in order to pass the exam with flying colors.If you do not know where to start with your essay preparation, or if you are having trouble finding the correct sources of essay samples, you may want to consider consulting with a good lawyer who can provide you with a wide variety of different topics to help you prepare for the bar exam. Finding the right source of information is very important in order to make sure that you prepare correctly and successfully on the bar exam.

Green Fire Projects

What Is Reciprocal Socialization Means And Give 1-2...

1. Describe what reciprocal socialization means and give 1-2 examples that might demonstrate it. Reciprocal socialization is the process by which children and adolescents socialize parents, just as parents socialize them (pg. 260). One example the book given is if the parent is hostile, hostile parenting is associated with negative outcomes for adolescents such as being defiant. I think another example is a client that was mentioned in class she felt as if her existence was the cause of someone’s misery. If her mother never praises her, or tells her that she makes her life miserable, or that life would be easier if she was not born the client responds negatively and cuts herself and feels like a burden. 2. Describe the 4 parenting styles†¦show more content†¦I have walked into apartments where is child is so soiled that its seeping through his diaper and I felt so bad I cleaned him up myself and the mother didn’t even know why I was cleaning him. Indulgent parenting is a style in which parents are highly involved with their adolescents, but place few demand or controls on them. These parents allow their adolescents to do as they please. These parents feel that if they give their adolescent this freedom that it will produce a creative, confident adolescent when really it creates social incompetence. 3. Describe the 4 types of attachment as discussed in your text (there is secure and then the 3 types of insecure) It been found that is psychologically healthy for adolescents to be attached to their parents. John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth argue that secure attachment in infancy is central to the development of social competence (pg. 274). Insecure attachments can lead to difficulties in relationship and developmental problems. The book defines secure attachment as an attachment pattern in which infants use their primary caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment. It also defines insecure attachment as an attachment pattern in which infants either avoid the caregiver or showShow MoreRelatedUnit 2 PPT Copy4989 Words   |  20 Pagesmeeting, please post your answer to this question. NOTE: There is no right or wrong answer! What do you think could be a possible cause of autism? This week’s agenda: Unit 2! Studies †¢ Multimedia: †¢ Launch ABA Case Study Portfolio †¢ Launch ABA Terminology Game †¢ Readings: †¢ The Autistic Spectrum †¢ Chapter 4 †¢ â€Å"First Causes† pg. 115125/Summary pg. 140-141 †¢ Chapter 13 This week’s agenda: Unit 2! Studies †¢ Search the Capella Library or a professional site (i.e. JABA) for at least ONE scholarlyRead MoreHuman Learning Reflection Paper4297 Words   |  18 Pages Moreover, I take a close look at what characteristics make me an effective teacher and what ethical and moral aspects of teaching I have to consider. Learning Theory and Its Importance I believe that teaching is an art supported by science. While I have very little experience in an actual classroom, I gained enough understanding of the various learning theories available to teachers to get an idea what I would like to use in my future classroom and what I would not even touch with a ten-footRead MoreConsolidating Theory and Research: Childhood Studies2928 Words   |  12 PagesPart one: Essay This essay will discuss the new theories of Childhood Studies, possible benefits to teachers and children and how it relates to New Zealand early childhood practice. Let’s begin by looking briefly at what childhood studies entails. Childhood studies is a relatively new field of study that seeks to move away from the outdated theory of seeing children with a ‘social construction’ lens, where a child is a product of a particular set of culturally specific normsRead MoreManagement in Leadership7434 Words   |  30 Pageshis tendencies towards coercion and party reputation, which seemed to be a lack of cooperation skills and professionalism. Again, his type explains these traits of Tony’s â€Å"thinking† and â€Å"judging† personality; he finds it easy to be firm-minded and give criticism, brief, concise and impersonal, uses pros and cons lists, doesn’t like surprises, resist or does not notice change, and wants advanced warning. As a top manager his thinking process is great for following rules and procedures, but as a leaderRead MoreHuman Resource Management: Multiple Choice Questions7204 Words   |  29 PagesChapter 16 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. According to the opening case, Molex now operates some 50 manufacturing plants in 21 countries. From that base, _______________ of its $2.5 billion in annual revenues are outside of the United States. A. 25 percent B. 45 percent C. 65 percent D. 75 percent E. 85 percent 2. Molex, according to the opening case, can be best described as having a A. geocentric policy. B. polycentric policy. C. multidomesticRead MoreSymbolic Interactionism George Simmel Jacqueline Low10230 Words   |  41 PagesInteractionism: Perspective and Method, Blumer (1969b:1) writes, â€Å"I rely chiefly on the thought of George Herbert Mead who, above all others, laid the foundations of the symbolic interactionist approach.† Moreover, Blumer (1966, 1967, 1978, 1980) later vigorously defended this position in the face of arguments from those who sought to demonstrate the incongruity of symbolic interactionist and Meadian assumptions (cf. McPhail and Rexroat 1979, 1980). In addition to what Mead styled â€Å"social behaviorism† (Cook 2007)Read MoreCollective Behavior11901 Words   |  48 PagesChapter I: The Study of Collective Behavior A. What Is Collective Behavior?   As we review these pages for the final time sections of Los Angeles are in flames in response to a jury verdict exonerating police whose beating of an African American man was captured on videotape. Supporters and opponents of abortion take to the streets daily. Mexico City searches for answers to a gas explosion that leveled a 40 square block area. The number of men wearing pony tails and one earring and the number of peopleRead MoreCollective Behavior11916 Words   |  48 PagesChapter I: The Study of Collective Behavior A. What Is Collective Behavior?   As we review these pages for the final time sections of Los Angeles are in flames in response to a jury verdict exonerating police whose beating of an African American man was captured on videotape. Supporters and opponents of abortion take to the streets daily. Mexico City searches for answers to a gas explosion that leveled a 40 square block area. The number of men wearing pony tails and one earring and the number ofRead MorePsychosocial Factors as Determinants of Students’ Achievement in Senior Secondary School Mathematics12067 Words   |  49 Pagesstudents in mathematics. The variables that were addressed include test anxiety, locus of control, self concept, motivation, study habit and peer influence. The population for the study included all Senior Secondary School 2 (SSS 2) students in Ogun State. Two hundred (200) SS 2 students were randomly selected from four administrative zones in Ogun State. Seven instruments namely: Test Anxiety Questionnaire (TAQ), Self Concept Questionnaire (SCQ), Motivation for Achievement Questionnaire (MAQ), PeerRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagespublisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their pro ducts

Ethical Issues in the Insurance Industry - 1326 Words

Ethical Issues in the Insurance Industry Jeff Bolling Columbia College Abstract Ethical behavior is crucial to preserving not only the trust on which insurance transactions are based, but also the public’s trust in the insurance industry as a whole. Sometimes the push to act unethically comes from the consumer. How many consumers expect their insurance agents to falsify their applications or claims? You like your agent, he or she likes you, they really want to help you out, that’s just another conflicting loyalty. Over the years many have experienced unethical behavior by insurance agents. I have had them give their sales pitch to me and my family just to find out later that the product they sold us was completely wrong for†¦show more content†¦In an effort to gather information regarding the key ethical issues encountered in the industry over time, a survey was conducted in 2010. In each survey, participants were presented with 32 ethical issues and were asked to rate each issue on a 5-point scale where 5 meant it is a major problem today in the property and casualty/life insurance industry, and 1 meant that it is not a problem in the industry today. Twenty-eight of the issues reflected ethical problems facing businesses and their employees in general, whereas the other four were ethical issues of special relevance to professionals. Issue means were calculated for each issue in each study and the issues in each study were ranked according to the relative size of their means as compared with those of the other issues in that study. Analysis of data from recent surveys indicated that in 2003, the extent to which most of the 32 issues studied were perceived as presenting ethical problems to those working in the life insurance industry had diminished somewhat from the troubled ethical environment during the first half of the 1990s. However, the key ethical issues encountered in the life insurance business changed little from 1990 to 2003. Eight of the 10 issues perceived as presenting the greatest ethical problems for the industry were the same in all three life insurance studies, andShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing Michael Moores Sicko as a Healthcare Film734 Words   |  3 PagesMoore movie pointed to a myriad of issues relating to the American healthcare system that are both startling and interesting. The movie was produced before the Obama Administration signed the Affordable Care Act into law, but Sicko reports that nearly 50 million Americans do not have health insurance. About 18,000 Americans die each year becau se they dont have health insurance. The system is clearly broken, and politics seems to have been the reason that insurance companies keep a strangle hold onRead MoreFinancial Planning Essay1041 Words   |  5 Pageschallenges of | |practicing ethical financial planning in Hong Kong and China.† | The financial climate is changing constantly with the changing of numerous influential factors. Financial planning is one of the financial industries which gradually developed from a vague concept to a recognized specialty. However, this industry is still in a young stage so that there are some problematic issues concerned especially in some AsianRead MoreThe Role Of Ethics And Differences For Nurses1613 Words   |  7 Pagesbest for their patients’ health, nurses are not met with the same high demands as doctors. The modern practice of medicine raises a plethora of complex issues, medical, ethical and legal and while the nurses is primarily focused on the patient, the doctor has much more to consider. Representatives from Industry: Insurance Companies Insurance companies are responsible for selling health care plans to people. When individuals, employers, organizations, and/or unions enroll in a health care planRead MoreBusiness Ethics: Case Studies1238 Words   |  5 Pagesfinancial and ethical risks. 4 Case 7: Microsoft Manages Legal and Ethical Issues. 5 Case 1: Monsanto Attempts to Balance Stakeholder Interests. Monsanto is a world renowned organization dealing in agriculture products. The seeds produced by the business are genetically modified. The genetically modified agricultural seeds and products are under strict criticism by various environmental, agricultural, and social groups. The non-governmental organizations are also vocal about the issues raised dueRead MoreEssay about Ethical Decision Making1551 Words   |  7 PagesThe importance of ethical decision making Ethical decision making involves acting in a morally correct and socially responsible way. The law is based on ethical principles. However, the law is only ethically relevant to the period in time which it was made. This means that the law will never be able to account for every course of action and that the responsibility lies with the decision makers to ensure they act in an ethical manner. White collar crime in Australia has resulted in the collapseRead MoreFuture Challenges Facing Healthcare in the United States1306 Words   |  5 PagesFuture Challenges Facing Health Care in the United States Issues affecting Health care in the United States The United States Health Care issue has been a challenge that many have given their opinions from different positions within the society in their attempt to come up with the most appropriate measures to tackle the Health Care Challenges facing the Nation. An efficient, affordable and accessible health care program is the most important issue which should be prioritized for a healthy nation. TheRead MoreAnalysis Of The Documentary Sicko By Micheal Moore1341 Words   |  6 Pages In the documentary film â€Å"Sicko† written by Micheal Moore he gives us deep analysis based on the health care system in American society. Sicko (2007) is a pseudo-documentary film that is rife with opinion and ethical dilemmas that cross over between businesses, government, and filter all down through to each and every one and a citizens of a larger global community. It is the compelling drilled down view of America’s failing healthcare system. Though there is no true plot to this fi lm, thereRead MoreDifferences Between Tort Law And Criminal Law1607 Words   |  7 Pagesthe principles that guide both nurses and physicians in their respective professions, otherwise known as ethical standards. Another agreement, bilateral contracts, involves a situation where two parties agree on certain terms (OSullivan Hilliard, 2016). Both the patient and the physicians can enter into a bilateral contract. Healthcare providers can also enter into contracts with insurance providers in a bilateral manner. Lastly, a unilateral contract involves a situation where one party makesRead MoreThe Issues Regarding Payment For Treatment1684 Words   |  7 PagesCurrently, health care is experiencing many potential ethical issues regarding payment for treatment. Among the practitioners facing these issues are occupational therapists, who are struggling to figure out how to provide quality care while upholding the reimbursement guidelines. Many patients are covered by a variety of diff erent insurance plans in the clinical practice field; payment for services is controlled by a variety of federal and private payment guidelines. This may often lead to a careRead MoreSimilarities Between Tort Law And Criminal Law1605 Words   |  7 Pagesthe principles that guide both nurses and physicians in their respective professions, otherwise known as ethical standards. Another agreement, bilateral contracts, involves a situation where two parties agree on certain terms (OSullivan Hilliard, 2016). Both the patient and the physicians can enter into a bilateral contract. Healthcare providers can also enter into contracts with insurance providers in a bilateral manner. Lastly, a unilateral contract involves a situation where one party makes

Role of Critical Thinking in Development

Question: Discuss about the Role of Critical Thinking in Development. Answer: Introduction Critical thinking is the ability to consider evidently and logically, and understand on the logical connection between the concepts. This subject continues to be the issue of discussion particularly concerning academic writing. Critical thinking might be thought to be the ability of performing the reflective and the impartial thinking. Critical thinking demands capability to cause. It is focused on being active learners instead of a passive recipient of the facts. Critical thinker thoroughly query on the suggestions and the assumptions and do not just agree on the face value when provided information. An individual should first do research, and verify if the idea, argument or perhaps an investigation is true before accepting the result. It truly is occasionally attempting to believe that academic writing is guided based on homogenous features Writing is a method to show your tutor you have evidently comprehended on the principles. Academic writing supports someone to think, and think ing is exactly what the college is about. It offers food for thought. Developing ones concepts involves acquiring some form of ideas, discover them, make clear, change and even grow them. Academic writing helps one to take all of that activity into the cognizance, helps to clarify and also direct out one thinking, as well as generating more thinking. Academic writing is based on various characteristics some which are as follows: it is formal in nature, objective perspective, responds to wider scholarships claims, critically engaged, references and usually persuasive in nature. The essays aims to describe the purpose of each of the characteristic of academic writing and elaborate on the role of critical thinking in the development of these characteristics. Formal nature. The academic writing is usually nature in formal. The purpose of this characteristic is to make sure that under no circumstance would be academic writing make use of the colloquial expression which are usually considered in nature on a daily basis dialogues that we use have with the friends or perhaps colleagues.It is therefore important to make sure that the degree of formality should be high at all circumstances when undertaking academic writing and always avoid the colloquial words and the expressions. Objective perspective. This characteristic it entails one depending on the subject to be objective. There is little opinion that is required in the academic writing. This characteristic purpose is to enable the writer to be always objective when writing an essay. When one is contributing to an academic debate about an issue, you have your own opinion but you should express it objectively. The academic writing has far less emphasis on the person and more emphasis on what one want to explain. This characteristic helps a writer to understand that the written language is in general more objective rather than being personal. Therefore, few words should refer to the writer or the readers. The emphasis should always been on the information that you want to give and the argument that are being explained on the subject topic of the academic writing. Responds to wider scholarships claims. This characteristic highlights that there is the use of accurate use of vocabulary in the text, which is of must that one, wants to be academic. Wide variety of research is drawn from different sources in order to make sure the facts are precise. There is no room of inaccuracy. Its purpose is to make sure one check on the quality of the research which is intended to be used and there should be use of the most reliable. The characteristic advocate that before a writer focuses on an essay one should search the source of the material that is to be used in the academic writing.Further, there should be a wider respond to the scholars claim on the given facts on a given subject. This could be achieved through relating to various authors work on the same subject. Critically engaged. This characteristic helps individuals to focus on the point of the subject that they are writing about and the source material. One should write about their thoughts and tell the readers on their thought on the subject. Critically engaged means to be focused on the subject that one is writing about. The writer should be able to provide the evidence as well as justification for any claim they make. It is the responsibility of the writer to demonstrate an understanding of any sources text that are used in the academic writing. The purpose of this characteristic is to give precision to the writer to focus on the subject topic they are doing research on. It should be common for the student writing an essay or perhaps an academic report to focus on the need to engaging more critical to the source material for the research. References. This characteristic advocate that the academic writing should be treated with the responsibility. In everything, which is stated in the essay or the subject, topic should be accompanied by use of proof as well as justification and no assumptions should be given. The purpose of the characteristic in the academic writing is to encourage individuals to indicate the sources for the materials that are used in the research. The references of the materials used should be clearly provided as sources are important component for the any given research. Justifying means why you do or perhaps you do agree with what a given author had said and providing references correctly. Persuasive in nature. The author of the academic writing is responsible to make the subject topic that is being research as persuasive and explicit as much as possible.It should be clear and highlight how various parts of the text are connected between them and why they are relevant for the central theme. The purpose of this characteristic is to encourage the author to be creative in whatever they write and provide all the relevant facts on a given subject to pursue the readers on their point of view on the matter. This could be achieved through use of the signaling words. Analyzes of the role of critical thinking to the development of the characteristics. The critical thinking has conveyed common suggestions of what it really all involves. It bears remained an idea over which there have been significantly doubt and opposition about what it includes precisely how it bears exhibited. In broad critical thinking is thought of as the cognitive skill which connect with the rational prudence. With regards to academic writing it really is considered when it comes to the capabilities or maybe the skills such as selection, analysis, evaluation, inference and judgment. When critical thinking continues to be used on academic writing the above capabilities are generally stated via the means of argumentation, producing an argument for instance the essay. The argument that is designed needs to be formal in nature. The argument is widely seen as the primary exposition of the critical thinking. Many student deficiencies is the comprehension of the implementation of provision of formal argument. A number of the students believe argumentation signifies the display of their original view or perhaps opinion since they desire. An additional misunderstanding is the fact argumentation is normally displayed mainly through adversarial stance in academic writing, by overtly demeaning the study of the scholar or claims .Critical thinking can help one to be formal in their academic work through having a recording of their progress work in their worksheet. The progress blogs are ways in which the student could write down on their achievements and struggles in writing the academic essays or dissertation. The use of notes help the students in their plans, and the changes they could make in the event of writing. Formality in writing encompasses giving of critique and feedback from the other students on ones work so that they can work on it better. The critical thinking helps one to think about the tone of the writing and make simple changes to the phrases. Critical thinking helps one to have objective perspective. It is the key criterion for the high scoring essay. It is through being a critical thinker can one know in academic writing ones personal opinion should be used to minimal. The author focusses on the main theme and offer on the information about it, without getting involved with the personal matters. Critical thinking helps one to differentiate between the personal opinion and the main theme of the topic under research. In academic writing the authors tends to use nouns rather than the verbs in writing on the offer information of the research. Critical thinking helps the students to respond on the wider scholarship claims to the work of different authors. This is achieved through helping them to evaluate on the line of reasoning. The author can identify the arguments from different authors contain all the reason in favor that are relevant and contribute to the subject under research. One could be able to determine the false premises starting from the point that is not proven or backed up to the evidence on the subject. Further, it helps in determining of flawed reasoning through false connection between the points. Critical thinking has enabled the individuals to be critically engaged. Engagement entails focusing on the source of the material that are used in the research. The aspect of critical thinking helps one to acquire principles and the competences to engage in the norm-regulated practices, which are usually the core of reasonable judgments to a given context in research. The students could therefore focus on the core aspect of research and leave any other material that is irrelevant. In any good research it gives credit to the source of the information in other words at the end of the research there is references. It is through critical thinking can one accompany the proof and the justification of the research. The aspect of justification agree or may not agree with what the author has said. Critical thinking enables one to evaluate any information through use of deductive reasoning and make decision whether it is true. The background knowledge on a subject is necessary but it is not sufficient condition to enable critical thought within the subject. It is through cognitive skills and disposition can one substantiate on the information of other author and make inferences. The critical thinking plays a significant role since it enables individuals to acquire persuasive characteristics and it helps to advocate on the use of the factual information and chart, which provides room for the interpretation. Through use of cognitive skills of critical thinking, it helps one to be precise and no room for inaccuracy. The information provided is persuasive in nature in that there is quality of the sources that has been used and it is most reliable. Conclusion Critical thinking is regarded as the ability that enable one to think rationally in order to connect different ideas. It all about reasoning and question on the ideas as well as assumptions rather than accepting the fact on a face value. The use of critical thinking has been applied to academic writing and has helped in developing some of characteristics such as formality, objectivity, responds to the wider scholarship claims, critically engaged, persuasiveness and references. The essay has focused on describing the purposes of these characteristic and analyzes of how critical thinking has been used to the development of the characteristics. In the academic writing, these characteristics need to comply with the strict of the requirement. They offer information on the subject under research and there primary purpose is to inform. Bibliography Baskerville, Richard L., and A. Trevor Wood-Harper. "A critical perspective on action research as a method for information systems research." In Enacting Research Methods in Information Systems: Volume 2, pp. 169-190. Springer International Publishing, 2016. Benesch, Sarah. Critical English for academic purposes. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2001. Dean, Martin J. "Collaborative preparation and critical thinking in academic writing." (2015). Dias, Patrick, Aviva Freedman, Peter Medway, and Anthony Par. Worlds apart: Acting and writing in academic and workplace contexts. Routledge, 2013. Facione, Peter, and Carol Ann Gittens. Think critically. Pearson, 2015. Fairclough, Norman. Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. Routledge, 2013. Paltridge, Brian. "Genre and second-language academic writing." Language Teaching 47, no. 03 (2014): 303-318. Raedts, Mariet, Elke Van Steendam, Luc De Grez, Jef Hendrickx, and Chris Masui. "The effects of different types of video modelling on undergraduate students motivation and learning in an academic writing course." Journal of Writing Research nog geen DOI (2016). Rios, Manuel C., C. R. McConnell, and S. L. Brue. Economics: Principles, problems, and policies. McGraw-Hill, 2013. Slavin, Robert E., and Nicola Davis. "Educational psychology: Theory and practice." (2006). Staples, Shelley, Jesse Egbert, Douglas Biber, and Bethany Gray. "Academic Writing Development at the University Level Phrasal and Clausal Complexity Across Level of Study, Discipline, and Genre." Written Communication 33, no. 2 (2016): 149-183. Van Hoorn, Judith, Patricia Monighan Nourot, Barbara Scales, and Keith Rodriguez Alward. Play at the center of the curriculum. Pearson Higher Ed, 2014.

Contemporary Literary Criticism Flashcard

Contemporary Literary Criticism

Research Findings Report Does speeding up the Music Tempo increase Task Performance

Research Findings Report Does speeding up the Music Tempo increase Task Performance Running head: Research Findings Report Customer Inserts His/her NameAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on Research Findings Report: Does speeding up the Music Tempo increase Task Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Customer Inserts Grade Course Customer Inserts Tutor’s Name 10th June 2011 Outline Abstract Introduction Method Participants Materials and Measures Procedure Description of the Experimental music Completing the Mazes Questionnaires Results Discussion Limitations of the Study Abstract Findings from previous research have established that various features of music have profound effects on human behavior particularly the mood and endurance in exercise and sports domains. This research aims at determining how music tempo affects human performance in specific tasks. To examine this concept, the current study, involved 28 participants grouped into two categories, the experimental group with 15 participants and the control group with 13 participants, who were required to complete three mazes before filling out questionnaires. The experimental group listened to fast music while the control group only listened to low tempo music. The results showed that the control group, on average, completed the mazes at a significantly lesser time than the experimental group. This indicates a correlation between the effects of music upon the subjects’ lives and task performance. These findings have potential implications for labor force in enhancing labor productivity and sports psychology and training. Understanding how the tempo of music affects the speed of performing a task is not only helpful in keeping work schedules but also increasing physical productivity.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Introduction The effect of music upon human behavior has aroused much in terest in psychology. Most of previous researches centered on aspects of human behavior such as mood, emotional responses, and personal preferences. Edworthy and Warring (2006), established that faster music elicits happier responses and can influence the mood (p. 597). In contrast, slower music or lyrics produce unhappier emotional responses. Music, therefore, elicits emotional responses, which in turn influence the human perception of speed. These emotional responses perhaps relate to people’s perception of time and speed. Webster and Weird established that people who listen to faster music, have much happier moods, thought they talked faster and conversation subjects progressed much faster than people who listened to slower music (2005, p. 196 ). Since listening to music alters the mental states that influence human activity, various structural aspects of music can also alter the physical speed. The effect of music on athlete’s performance offers important insights on the influence of music on speed and endurance. Most athletes listen to music during workouts and prior to competitions as a motivational tool that makes them work harder. Music tends to distract one’s attention from the present task, which makes the individual less focused on the physical activity (Crust, Clough, 2006, p. 191). Diverting attention to music leaves no room to focus on tension or pain produced by the exercise. Consequently, the perception about the exertion or complexity of the task is lower. This increases the people’s endurance as well as efforts in performing tasks. Music, therefore, increases endurance making people to work harder though subconsciously. The high efforts expended, when people are listening to music, speeds up the completion of the specific task. However, much of the previous studies do not show how different music tempos influence speed of a physical or mental activity. This research uses a combination of slow and fast tempo music w to investigate people’s speed when performing specific tasks. The purpose of this study is to examine how the different music tempos affect the levels of human activity with other factors such as habits held constant. This research will test the following hypotheses: Firstly, music with fast tempo will lead to fast completion of the mazes. From the literature review, fast music elicits happier emotional responses, which improves the speed of task performance. Secondly, the research will test the alternative hypothesis that a faster tempo will make a participant stressed out, perform the task poorly, and as a result, take longer to complete the task.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Research Findings Report: Does speeding up the Music Tempo increase Task Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Method Participants This study involved 28 male and female college students. The participants were grouped into two categories; experimental and control groups. The grouping was random, that is, there was no specific criterion used to place the participants into either of the group. The research involved manipulating the tempo of music using a classical piano piece called Chopin’s love with the experimental group listening to high tempo music as they completed three mazes. The control group listened to the piece of music only at the original tempo. Materials and Measures This study involved 28 participants divided into two groups. There was a provision of sheets of paper to each of them upon sitting down. The papers contained instructions on how to complete the three mazes. The instructions demanded that the participants had to inform the timekeeper before starting and after completing a maze. The participants were required to complete three mazes while listening to music of varied tempo. They recorded their respective times of completing each maze. After the exercise, the participant s were required to complete a questionnaire to provide information regarding their experience during the exercise. Procedure Description of Experimental Music: The music selection used involved a classical piano piece known as Chopin’s love as composed by Nakamura Yuriko. The control group listened to the piece of music at the original tempo, BPM of 108.42 according to mix Meister BPM analyzer. For the experimental group, researcher increased the tempo of the same piece of music to 185 BPM using a Garage Band program. The two groups listened to the piece of music at a constant volume from an apple Mac laptop through large headphones covering their entire ears. Completing the mazes: Once the seated, the 28 participants had to read a sheet of paper containing instructions about the exercise. The research then grouped them into two categories: the control group (n=13), who only listened to the piece of music at the original tempo and the experimental group (n=15), who listened t o the music at a higher tempo at 185 BPM.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The two groups were to put onto the headphones and once the music begins playing, count five seconds aloud. The two groups listened to the music through headphones. Once the music started playing, the participants counted loudly for five seconds before informing the timekeeper to start timing. After finishing each maze, the participants were required to shout â€Å"STOP† and again count five seconds before proceeding to complete the next maze. The procedure required the participants to repeat these instructions until they completed the three mazes. Questionnaire: After completing the mazes, participants were then asked to fill out a Questionnaire with questions about the role of music in their lives, their experience during the maze completing exercise, their familiarity with the music played and whether they have any hearing impairments. This aimed at determining whether the impact music had on the participant’s lives correlated with the effect the piece of music had on the participant’s speed in completing the maze. The researcher recorded all the respective data. Results The analysis of the results focused on the hypothesis that fast tempo music elicits positive emotional responses that would make the participant to complete the maze faster. Table below records the mean of the participant’s maze completion time (in seconds) and the standard deviation (SD) for the two groups (the experimental and control groups); Mean = Summation of the time taken to fill the mazes/Sample size Standard deviation=√∑ (each value-mean)2/Sample size Maze Completion time (seconds) Mean (M) Standard Deviation (SD) Fast Tempo (Experimental group) 52.1703 13.57 Low Tempo (Control group) 55.50 18.86 Table 1: Means for control and Experimental groups The preliminary results indicated that the questionnaire items had less effect on the speed at which either group completed the maze. The table 1 shows the means and the standard deviatio ns for each treatment. The results conformed to the hypothesis that high tempo music the participants making them to complete the mazes faster than their counterparts subjected to low tempo music do. On average, the participants in the experimental group completed the mazes 3.34seconds faster compared to the participants in the control group. Because the participants in the experimental group completed the mazes much faster compared to participants in the control group, the results were consistent with the first hypothesis. To understand the results of maze completion, the research sought to find out if there is any correlation between the questionnaire items and the speed of completing the mazes. Overall, no participant reported having any hearing impairment, six participants never listened to music while working, and five rarely listened to music, 12 sometimes, five usually with no participant always listening to music when working. These results indicated that the participantâ₠¬â„¢s previous music life or habit had no significant effects on the participant’s speed of completing the mazes. Discussion The major purpose of this study was to find out whether the music tempo has an effect on the speed of task performance. Previous research had established that music elicits emotional responses. These emotional responses then influence the perception of speed, which makes people to perceive that an action progresses faster when subjected to fast tempo music (Edworthy, Warring, 2006, p. 604). In addition, previous research has shown that music influences the efforts that people put into a task, particularly sporting activities (Crust, Clough, 2006, p.194). Based on this evidence, the present study hypothesized that the high music tempo would make people complete involving tasks such as maze completion much faster than in conditions of low tempo music., the results obtained were consistent with the hypothesis but supported the alternative hypothesis that high music tempo makes people perform involving tasks at a much faster rate. The experimental group, on average, completed the maze at a faster rate compared to the control group under conditions of low tempo music. From these results, it is justifiable to conclude that fast tempo music stimulates physical and mental activity when performing specific tasks, which increases the speed of performing the task. This research also aimed at identifying the specific characteristics that predict the extent that the effects of music tempo had on people. However, the items, which included the music life of the participants, hearing impairments and the music genre that participants frequently listened to, did not correlate with the speed of completing the maze. This indicates the inapplicability of these items in prediction of the speed of completing performing tasks. Although the items tested in the questionnaire had less overall impact on the participant’s speed, the lack of hearing i mpairment among the subjects suggests clearly that speed correlated with music tempo. This design of this study aimed to explore the relationship between music tempo and cognitive speed. Usually, when many factors are involved, it is difficult to find results without any external influences. However, this research overcame these obstacles by using a common activity (maze completion) and a piece of music popular among the participants. The intention of the questionnaires items was for better interpretation of the results obtained from the two groups. The findings of this research that high tempo music has a distractive effect, allow for further investigation into the role music plays in enhancing human performance in competitive situations such as athletics or sports. Further research is essential to find out why and how music tempo influences human performance. Limitations of the Study One limitation of this study was that few participants participated in the research, which made it difficult to collect a large amount of data for each treatment. Another limitation of this study was that the participants could not have known the purpose of this study and consequently provided wrongful information when filling out the questionnaires. Future research should explore the effect of both music synchrony and lyrics on the speed of human performance, particularly in physical activities. References Crust, L., Clough, P. (2006). The influence of rhythm and personality in the endurance Response to motivational asynchronous music. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24, 191-196. Edworthy, J., Warring, H. (2006). The effects of music tempo and loudness level on Treadmill exercise. Ergonomics, 49, 597-604.

Market Competitiveness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Market Competitiveness - Research Paper Example The study will assess the relation between market competitiveness and organization pay system. It will help the organizations that are incapable to pay competitive salaries to its employees due to inadequate financial resources. Employee compensation is a key aspect in order to determine the market and industry competitiveness of a business. On the other hand, employee compensation also determines the productivity and effectiveness of an employee. As the salaries and wages contribute significantly to the income of employees therefore, the comfort, emotion, health and physical wellbeing of people is very much dependent on it. This has the insinuation that, firms that are unable to pay competitive salaries to their employees it may result struggling, less healthy and stressed up life of workers. It will affect the competitiveness of the company. Therefore, it can be said that less market unable to pay employee compensation may result less market competitiveness of organizations and less productivity of employees. Several level of employee compensation may also manipulate the employees’ behavior and attitude towards their organization and specific jobs. Lowly paid employees lean to show negative attitude toward their job as they are less motivated. These will definitely affect the productivity of employees that will negatively impact on the performance of the organization. Talented and skilled employees are basically more productive. It will save several training and orientation cost of organization. It also entails that the organizations that find it difficult to present attractive compensation will barely attract these experienced, talented and skilled employees. The organizations with limited financial resource can employ a key strategy in order to improve compensation of employees is bonus compensation system or performance based compensation system. It will allow the employees to be compensated appropriately

Long Bone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Long Bone - Essay Example Every column is composed of lamellae, concentric bony layers, regularly arranged in a manner determined by the distribution of blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves supplying the bone. These three structures are bundled together in central channels, called Haversian canals, surrounded by lamellae. These canals connect with each other through Volkmann's canals, which breach them perpendicularly. (Young, 2000) In a long bone, the epiphyses are mainly composed of spongy bone, while on the other hand; in the diaphysis, only a thin layer of spongy bone lines the inner surface of the shaft (immediately surrounding the medullary cavity). This type of bone is composed of a network of irregular bony plates, called trabeculae, separated from each other by a maze of intercommunicating spaces filled with bone marrow. These trabeculae consist of irregular lamellae with lacunae composed of osteocytes, which help in bone nutrition. They are also lined with a fine tissue layer, the endosteum, which contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. (Young, 2000) It is the large central cavity of a long bone that is mostly occupied by spongy bone. In premature beings, the cavities of most bones contain red (active) bone marrow that is responsible for the production of blood cells. In adults, red marrow is found only on specific sites while the rest of the cavity is filled with yellow (inactive) marrow, which is mostly adipose tissue. (Young, 2000) Nutrient Foramen: It is the outer opening of the nutrient canal in the shaft of a long bone. It is the point on the bone for the entrance of the nutrient artery, which is responsible for the blood supply to the medullary cavity of the long bone. (OMD, 2000) Diaphysis: Ossification progressively spreads from the primary center of ossification, i.e. the center of the long bone, towards the ends of the bone. The part of the long bone that develops from the primary center, that is, the shaft, is known as diaphysis. (Young, 2000) Epiphyses: At the secondary centers of ossification, located at the cartilaginous ends of the developing bone, cartilage is replaced by bone in the same way as it occurs at the primary centers. Parts of bone that develop from these centers, that is, the ends, are known as epiphyses. Proximal epiphyses refers to the end that grows towards the primary center, while distal epiphyses refers to the end that grows away from the primary center. (Young, 2000) Epiphyseal Plate: It is the plate of cartilage intervening between the diaphysis and epiphyses. This plate is responsible for the elongation of the bone during childhood and early adulthood through constant proliferation of the cartilage. At maturity, this plate is replaced by bone resulting in the fusion of the epiphyses and diaphysis. (Young, 2000) Epiphyseal Line: The junction of the epiphyses and diaphysis indicated later in life by a faint ridge on the outer surface of the long bone is called the Epiphyseal line. (Young, 2000) Articular Cartilage: It is a specialized hyaline cartilage that covers the articulating bone surfaces within the joints. Hence, it is responsible for the smooth movement of bones against one another in a joint.

Challenges to the Attainment of Work-life Balance

Challenges to the Attainment of Work-life Balance The purpose of this paper is to review the recent literature on the recent state of theoretical and practical issues affecting the attainment of work-life balance within organizations. It also challenges some of the metaphorical assumptions associated with work/life balance. The balance between work and life is becoming an important strategic component in the Human Resource Management arena. Hence, to successfully maintain key human resource functions such as attracting and retaining talented staff within the organization, policies should be focused towards endorsing work-life balance. Introduction For the past ten years there has been increasing interest in work-life balance and has drafted innumerable attention from popular presses and scholarly journals. This increase in attention is in part ambitious by recent concerns stipulating that an imbalanced work/life relationship can reduce the health of individuals resulting in lower work performance and can have negative impacts on family life. The concept of work/life balance began to emerge in the 1980s and 1990s where companies first started to offer work/life programs. While the first effect of these programs were mainly to sustain women with children. Theses included maternity leave, home-based work, flex-time, employee assistance programs (EAPs) and child-care referral. During the 1980s men also began voicing work-life concerns. However, todays work/life programs are less gender-specific and recognize other commitments as well as those of the family. The issue of work/life balance began to emerge to the forefront of research and organizations when Rosabeth Moss Kanter revealed the phenomena in her influential book Work and Family in the United States: A Critical Review and Agenda for Research and Policy (1977).. However, the term work-life balance was first coined in 1986 in reaction to the unhealthy choices that many Americans were making in favor of the work place, as they opted to neglect family, friends and leisure activities in the pursuit of corporate goals. The articles published at that time suggested a sharp increase in the working hours of the Americans and this had started to affect their families and individual heath. Work life balance then slowly started gaining grounds in the various organizations. By the end of the decade, work-life balance was seen as more than just a womens issue, affecting men, families, organizations and cultures. Since, then it has developed in to a multidimensional facet with factors affectin g the both the individual and is critical for organizational success. It is formidable to note that the term work/life balance is widely but an official definition of this term still remains indefinable. Even though there are many conceptualizations of work-family balance occurring in recent literature, a direct developed measure of the construct does not exist. This unreliable measure of work-family balance undermines the ability to fully explore the rudimentary facets of this phenomenon. However, this negatively impacts investigations into the policies with respect to individual and organizational outcome variables. Within organizations and corporations there is increasing attention among organizational stakeholders (management, executive directors, owners etc.) for the introduction of work/life balance policies. This has become a predominant issue within the workplace. Many organizations have implemented proficient polices and programs with the objective of improving employee experiences of work-life balance. In the absence of a well developed measure of work-family balance, assessing impact of such interventions empirically becomes problematic. However, there is the need to fully understand and find an effective measure of work/life balance. This allows human resource practitioners to employ a proactive approach towards seeking innovative ways to augment their organizations competitive advantage. It will also aid in finding a balance between challenges of the work/life dilemma and recommend complimentary solutions. In attempting to find an effective measure of balance, the organization would t hen be capable of assessing the impact of the policies created on employee discernment of balance. This can also promote inter-organizational assessment of the levels of perceived work-life balance which can provide useful information to organizational stakeholders for policy drafting. Definition of Work Life Balance Work/life balance can be defined as the absence of unacceptable levels of conflict between work and non-work demands Greenblatt(2002). It incorporates the achievement of a reasonable level of involvement among the various roles in the lives of individuals and assesses their ability to deal with simultaneously with the complex demands of life. There are various definitions of work/life balance that is commonly associated with an equilibrium or sustenance of a sense of harmony in life. However, the meaning can take on different characteristics as it can mean different things to different groups. For example, work/life balance is different within different stages of life every individual experiences. An individual who has recently graduated from university and is not married would have a different conception of work-life balance compared with an individual who may be married and has responsibility to their spouse and children. Johnson (2005) suggests that ones perception of work-life ba lance is dependent on the individuals environment, age and lifestyle. Another important consideration is the level of conflict between work and family spheres especially when there is role conflict (Kossek and Lambert 2005). Furthermore, the job requirements of the individual in the workplace would often hamper with their family life responsibilities. (Williams 2008). The meaning is dependent on the circumstances of the discussion and the researchers viewpoint. There are some acceptable definitions regarding work/life balance and some definitions may overlap and some are evolving which are discussed further. The Traditional view of work/life balance The traditional view of work/life balance assumes that it involves the commitment of equivalent quantity of time to paid work and non-work roles. There are generally five major perspectives used to explain the correlation between work and life stipulated by Zedeck and Mosier (1990) and ODriscoll (1996). The first perspective is the segmentation model which theorizes that work and non-work are both independent domains of life that are separate and have no influence on the other.   This appears to be offered as a theoretical possibility rather than a model with empirical support.   The spillover model is the complete opposite of the segmentation model hypothesizes that both spheres are interdependent on each other either in a positive or negative way.   The research into this sphere can support its proposition however it is deemed having little value as it is too general.   This standpoint needs a more meticulous proposal about the causes, nature and effects of spillover.  The other models examined are more detailed adaptations of the spillover model. The third model is the compensation model which states that the demands or satisfactions that is lacking in one sphere can be made up in the other.   For example, work may be routine and undemanding but this is compensated for by a major role in local community activities outside work.   The other model is an instrumental model whereby an activity in one sphere accentuates the other sphere.   The traditional example is the instrumental worker who will seek to maximize earnings, even at the price of undertaking a routine job and working long hours, to allow the purchase of a home or a car for a young family.   The final model is a conflict model which states that each sphere has multiple demands, thus requiring individuals to prioritize and make choices that can lead to conflict. The contemporary view of work/life balance The contemporary view stipulates that the concept is recognized to be more complex and a number of different issues are to be incorporate. Contemporary studies have explored and measured six aspects of work/life balance that can provide a valuable construct for theoretical advancement and practical human resource interventions. The framework consist of six conceptualizations of work-life balance found in recent literature are as follows multiple roles, equity across multiple roles, satisfaction between multiple roles, fulfillment of role salience between multiple roles, a relationship between conflict and facilitation and perceived control between multiple roles. Work-life balance defined as multiple roles This view is drawn from an individuals multiple life roles which stipulate that the non work (personal/ family) demands are spilled over into the working day of the individual that negatively affects the health and work performance of the individual. This can be referred to as a multiple demand carry over which is referred by Greenhaus and Beutell (1985) as bidirectional, denoting home-to-work and work-to-home spillover. It is now accepted that there are positive as well as negative carry over with recent research identifying the bidirectional constructs of work-family facilitation and enhancement, as well as conflict. Within recent works Greenhaus and contemporaries have defined the multiple role conflict of work/life balance generally as Work-family balance reflects an individuals orientation across different life roles, an inter-role phenomenon (Greenhaus, Collins Shaw 2003). Work-life balance defined as equity across multiple roles The multiple roles definition of work-life balance as further examined by Greenhaus that explored with further focus on the fulfillment across an individuals multiple life roles or the equality of time. Work-family balance was therefore defined as the extent to which an individual is engaged in and equally satisfied with his or her work role and family role. There are three components of work family-balance that are time balance, involvement balance, and satisfaction balance (Greenhaus, Collins Shaw 2003). Time balance refers to an equal amount of time devoted to work and family roles and involvement balance refers to an equal level of psychological involvement in work and family roles. Satisfaction balance stipulates that there is an equal level of satisfaction with work and family roles. The individual components of work/life balance can represent either a positive balance or negative balance depending on the levels of time, involvement, or satisfaction which are equally high or e qually low. However, the work/life balance can be viewed a continuum anchored that is skewed to one end by disparities in favor of a certain role (family, personal roles). It can also be relatively balanced state to extensive imbalance in favor of the other role (work). Work/life balance can be conceptualized as an independent variable of an individuals desires or values. Bielby and Bielby (1989) observed that married working women may emphasize their family in balancing work and family identities and Lambert (1990) discussed maintaining a particular balance between work and home. The term balance here is used to represent an array of diverse patterns of dedication, rather than parity of dedications across roles. It can be inferred that an individual who gives extra priority to one role than the other is relatively imbalanced even if the distribution of commitment to family and work is highly consistent with what the individual wants or values. This conjures the controversial question whether su ch imbalance in favor of one role is healthy or not. Work-life balance defined as satisfaction between multiple roles Kirchmeyer research have focused on the importance of individual satisfaction with multiple roles defined work-life balance as achieving satisfying experiences in all life domains and to do so requires personal resources such as energy, time, and commitment to be well distributed across domains (Kirchmeyer 2000). Clark (2000) also focused on individual satisfaction within the description of work/family border theory and defined work-life balance as satisfaction and good functioning at work and at home with a minimum of role conflict (Clark 2000). Work-life balance defined as a fulfillment between multiple roles This aspect focuses on the individual satisfaction where there is an overlap with the acknowledgment an individuals perspective the multiple roles in relation to its importance. This point of view recognizes that the salience of roles is also not a static evaluation but may change over time with diverse familiar life changes such as work promotion, new baby, sick spouse or parents etc. Greenhaus and Allen then defined work-life balance as the extent to which an individuals effectiveness and satisfaction in work and family roles are compatible with the individuals life role priorities at a given point in time. Similarly, work and life balance research should focus on whether ones expectations about work and family roles are met or not. Eby, Casper, Lockwood, Bordeaux and Brinley (2005). Work/life balance defined as a relationship between conflict and facilitation Recent research has revealed the psychosomatic constructs that map work-life balance, noticeably conflict and facilitation. Consequently, work-life balance is been defined as an absence of conflict and a presence of facilitation where low levels of inter-role conflict and high levels of inter-role facilitation represent work-family balance (Frone 2003). The assessment of the four bidirectional conflict and facilitation constructs can be used as a framework to test this definition: Balance is a combined measure whereby work-family conflict was subtracted from work-family facilitation, and family- work conflict was subtracted from family-work facilitation (Grzywacz Bass 2003). Work-life balance defined as an apparent control among multiple roles This aspect is the least supported within the research literature. It states that work-life balance can be interpreted as a degree of independence where an individual perceives themselves having control over their multiple role demands. Fleetwood states that Work-life balance is about people having a measure of control over when, where and how they work (Fleetwood 2007). Apparently, work-life balance can also be seen as a result of individual sovereignty over the roles most salient to the individual. Therefore, an individual could reduce their work hours to spend time with for example their children which can be perceived as effective work-life balance. Finding a balanced work/life measure The brief review of the literature denotes that there has been limited systematic effort to clearly develop one clear definition or one specific measure of work-life balance. It is important to work towards a consensus of the precise meaning of work-life balance. With the emergence of a specific definition of work-life balance, it would foster decisive outcome variables to authenticate the contemporary theoretical models that describe the relationship among common moderators, outcome variables and the background of work-life balance. This would ensure that a detailed measure of work-life balance could also be used to contrast the levels of perceived balance among the levels within an organization. This would be significant for comparisons among the levels of balance among organizations. It would incorporate questioning employees to rate their present discernment of work-life balance to avidly create an effective measure of balance. The development of a systematic scale would also be necessary to sufficiently authenticate such a measure. The review of the literature reveals that is difficult in capturing a simple holistic measure of the meaning of work-life balance. A basis for recognizing the common threads of meaning can develop using the six definitions of work-life balance previously reviewed. Some definitions consist of the concept of perceptions of good balance as imperative to the significance of work-life balance. The realization that levels of work-life balance can change over time according to the salience of specific life events is also important to note. This would acknowledge the repeated readjustment to several demands that most employees cope with over their period of employment. An integration of the two core meanings or definition of work-life balance can equate the following definition, Work-life balance is the individual perception that work and non-work activities are compatible and promote growth in accordance with an individuals current life priorities (Kalliath 2008). The literature proposed that any appraisal of work-life balance should include individual preferences of current roles. This definition further acknowledges that an effectual balance would lead to positive improvement within the work and non-work spheres. Consequently an individuals work/life precedence can be voluntarily changed to incorporate the development of non-work activities (eg new baby, travel vacations) or growth at work (working harder to gain a promotion). This definition of work-life balance has to be operational within the context to measure validation and development across variant samples. Theoretical Framework: Work-Family Border Theory (Clark, 2000) The theoretical framework employed to understand the balance between work and life is the Work-Family Border Theory. The work-family border theory (Clark, 2000) and boundary theory (Ashforth, 2000) each contribute to the study of work-family connection by depicting the circumstances under which changeable degrees of work-family integration are likely to positively or negatively affect an individuals well-being. These theories deals with how people build, preserve, negotiate and cross boundaries. It shows how people depict the lines between work and family (Clark, 2000). In both theories are similar by an incorporation or segmentation as indicated primarily by displaying characteristics of flexibility and permeability. It is suggested that both are integrate evident when two or more spheres are highly flexible and permeable with respect to one another. The Boundary theory and work-family border theory are common with respect to the extent of work-family integration depending on similarities among these domains with each other (Desrochers Sargeant, 2004). However, the two theories diverge on the nature of the relationship and implications for work-family balance. The difference among roles is the determination of the clarity of how substantial the boundary is between one domain and another that consequently influences the possibility of work-family conflict Ashforth (2000). (Desrochers 2005). This theory has a propensity to focus on transitions within an organizational context Matthews (2007). Even though, reference is made to conversion between organizational roles and non-organizational roles (conversion between work roles and family roles), Clark (2000) states that the transparency of the work-family border is distinguished from the correspondence of role domains in which these two factors interact to influence work-family balance. Matthews (2007) states that this theory is mainly focused on the approach of people transitions between the work and family domains. The Work-family border theory denotes how individuals negotiate and control both the borders between work and family spheres and try to find a balance between them (Clark, 2000). The design of this theory is focused on finding a framework to undermine the criticism and gaps of previous theories on work and family (Akdere, 2006) by dividing the boundaries within the employees life. The theory seeks to deal with how the segmentation and incorporation, management and border creation and border crossers have on the relationships of work and home factors influence on work-family balance. The term border-crossers are referred to employees that are intending on making constant daily alterations between their work and family lives. The distinguishing factor between Work-family border theory and boundary theory in that its definition of borders not only encompasses psychological categories but also the substantial boundaries that divide place, people and time that is associated with work versus family spheres (Desrochers 2005). However, Clark (2000) research tries to comprehend the progression of work-family conflict. The earlier approaches were inadequate as they lacked predictive ability and offered modest direction in either forecasting work-family conflict or solving problems that arise from trying to find a balance between work and family responsibilities (Clark, 2000). Not all individuals are characterized engage in this transition of border-crossing as the language and customs are highly alike within both spheres. Within work domain the language and behavior that is expected are diverse from the expectation within the family domain and consequently a more extreme transition is required. The underlying concept of work-family balance theory refers to satisfaction and good functioning at work and at home, with a minimum of role conflict (Clark, 2000). The foundation of this theory is built upon the roles between spheres and has the possibility for further clarification on the work and family conflict processes between the family and the workplace (Bellavia Frone, 2005). The fundamental concepts of the work-family border theory are the work and home domains, the borders between work and home, the border-crosser with other important domain members. The Work and Home Domains The work and home are regarded by Clark as being two different domains that has differential behavior rules, and thought patterns. The differentiation among the work and home domains can be classified in two distinct groups that are the differences in value ends and differences in value means (Rokeach, 1973 as cited in Clark, 2000). The Work primarily deals with satisfying the means and ends of providing an income and giving a sense of accomplishment, while home life satisfies the ends of attaining close personal relationships. Within the work sphere the desired ends of responsibility and capability were ranked as the most important whereas the life aspect the desired ends of loving and giving were ranked the most significant means in achieving happiness in the home (Clark 2000). Due to the differentiation in spheres, individuals often find a balance that assimilates both work and life to some degree (Clark, 2000). With respect to the way in which individuals deal with differences of the two domains can be explained on a continuum with one end being integration and segmentation on the other Nippert-Eng (1996). The Borders between Work and Family Within the context of the border theory, an individuals role takes place in a detailed sphere of life and these domains are distinguished by borders that demarcate from either being psychological, chronological, or physical (Clark 2000). The physical borders define where domain or behavior takes place regarding to the workplace or within the home (Clark 2000). Within the research frameworks, the literature is geared towards more controlling and setting time schedules in examining the role conflict boundaries, however less consideration is given to space Ahrentzen (1990). The temporal border refers the time in which work is finished and when responsibilities of the family initiate (Hill 1998). The psychological borders refers to the rules an individual creates that dictate their emotions, behavior patterns and thinking patterns which are appropriate within a specific domain such as work but not family life (Clark, 2000). Psychological borders are used by individuals to identify the ru les that create the physical and temporal borders. It is created as an endorsement which a process in which individuals takes elements given in their environments and organizes them in a way that makes sense (Clark 2000). Work-Family Conflict The various predictors of work/family conflict can be grouped into two general categories role environment and personality. The Role environment consist of several types of role related predictors of work/family conflict such as behavioral involvement, psychological involvement, role-related stressors and affect, and role related resources. Behavioral involvement represents the amount of time devoted to work and family roles. As more time is devoted to one role, it would be expected that less time would be available to meet the demands of another role. Consistent with this notion, a number of studies have found that the time devoted to family activities and chores is positively related to levels of family to work conflict, whereas the time devoted to work is positively related to levels of work to family conflict. Work and family stressors, dissatisfaction, and distress have been examined as potential causes of work-family conflict. It is generally hypothesized that role characteristics can produce role-related dissatisfaction or distress, which may lead to cognitive preoccupation with the source of the distress or to reduced levels of psychological and physical energy. The resulting increase in cognitive preoccupation or reduction in energy can undermine an individuals ability or willingness to meet the obligations of other roles (Frone, Yardley, 1997). Consistent with this line of reasoning, past research has found that work demands, work-role conflict, work role ambiguity, and job distress or dissatisfaction are positively related to reports of work/life balance conflict. Work and family social support have been explored as potential resources that reduced work-family conflict. For example, a supportive supervisor may not make excessive demands that would cause an employee to work at home. Likewise, a supportive spouse or other family member may provide direct assistance with demands at home, thereby reducing the likelihood that an individual is preoccupied with these problems at work. Past research has found that higher levels of social support at work are related to lower levels of work-to-family conflict, whereas higher levels of social support at home are related to lower levels of family-to-work conflict (Adams, 1996). Personality. Although most research has explored role characteristics  as potential causes of work-family conflict, a few studies have begun to  examine personality dispositions as causes of work-family conflict. Various  personality characteristics, such as mastery, hardiness, positive affectivity,  and extraversion may be conceived of as individual resources in that they  capture a tendency to actively cope with problems at work and home,  thereby reducing the likelihood of work-family conflict. Other personality  variables, such as negative affectivity and neuroticism, may be conceived  of as individual deficits in that they capture a tendency to avoid problems  at work and home, thereby increasing the likelihood of work-family conflict. Several recent studies have found that high levels of hardiness, extraversion,  and self-esteem were associated with lower levels of both work-tofamily  and family-to-work conflict (Bernas Major, 2000; Grandey Cropanzano,  1999; Grzywacz Marks, 2000). One study reported that high  levels of neuroticism were associated with higher levels of both work-tofamily  and family-to-work conflict (Grzywacz Marks, 2000). Managing the boundary between the work and family spheres The review of the literature have show that little studies have examined an individuals perception within the boundaries of work and family roles (Nippert-Eng 1996). The analysis of borders can elucidate the extent in which individuals can control the issues determining work and family balance (Guest 2002). This allows for the analysis of physical and psychological controls, an examination of the nature of border permeability and the extent in which they can be managed or moved. This is consistent with the centrality of the issue where individuals perceive the parameters of work and family activities, which create personal meaning and the management of relationships among families and work Zedeck (1992). Kirchmeyer (2000) views living a balanced life as reaching a level that satisfies experiences within all life domains and requires individual resources such as commitment, energy and time to be well distributed across domains. Similarly, Clark indicates that work and family balance i s a satisfaction and good functioning of roles at work and at home with least role conflict (Clark, 2000). Furthermore, another definition of balance stipulates that a balanced life is productive, healthy and satisfying including facets of love, play and work (Kofodimos 1993).These definitions of balance share two important elements. There is the notion of equality, or near-equality, between experiences in the work role and experiences in the family role (Reiter, 2007). Clark (2000) and Kirchmeyer (2000) imply similarly high levels of satisfaction, health, functioning and efficiency across the various roles. Furthermore, the definitions of work and family balance implicitly consider two constructs of equality that are inputs and outcomes. The inputs are the personal resources (Kirchmeyer, 2000) that are applied to each role. Kirchmeyer (2000) states that balance within work and family requires that each role be approached with approximately an equal level of involvement, time, commi tment or attention. The balance achieved can either be negative or positive. A positive balance refers to an equal amount of attention, time, involvement, or commitment, whereas negative balance refers to an equally low level among these inputs. These inputs determine an individuals level of role commitment in accordance with the time dedicated or psychological involvement in each role. There is difficulty in determining an individual who is substantially balanced as being more betrothed in the work role than in the family role. The other component of balance is the resultant outcomes that are experienced in work and family roles. A frequent outcome included in definitions of balance is satisfaction (Kirchmeyer 2000; Clark2000). The relationship between work/life balance and quality of life The balance between work and life is denoted to promote well-being. It is suggested that an imbalance in work will stimulate high levels of stress, cause a reduction in the quality of life and diminish an individuals job performance (Kofodimos 1993). Within an organization the promotion of work/life balance can be promoted by an organizational change approach proposed by Hall (1990). This organizational change can take effect, by companies and individuals considering the advice given by literary publications providing on how to promote a greater balance in life (Cummings 2001; Fisher 2001). However, the question arises on how work/life balance can enhance an individuals quality of life. With respect to individuals, multiple roles can protect and create a buffer from the effects of negative experiences in any one role in an individuals life (Barnett Hyde, 2001). Work/life balance not only produces this buffering effect but can directly promote well being. Marks and MacDermid (1996) states that individuals who are believed to have a balanced life are deemed primed to seize the moment when they meet a role demand since one role is seen no less than the other. Within this way of thinking individuals who are perceived to have balance experience lower levels of stress when enacting roles due to the assumption that they are participating in role activities that are salient to them. It is evident that individuals that have a balance have experienced less role overload and less depression compared to individuals that were deemed imbalanced MacDermid (1996). Furthermore, when an individual has a

Karl Marx And The Communist Manifesto Essay -- Communist Manifesto Essa

Karl Marx And The Communist Manifesto Because the first printing of the Communist Manifesto was limited and the circulation restricted, the Manifesto did not have much impact on society after it was written in 1848. This meant that there were not many people who had access to the document. It wasn’t until 1871, when the Paris Commune occurred, that the Communist Manifesto began to have a huge impact on the working class all over the world.[i] The Paris Commune, which was the insurrection of Paris against the French government, resurrected the idea of communism that had been banished for good just a few years after the Manifesto’s publishing. It created widespread interest of the Manifesto among the dominant classes as well as in the labor movement. In their 1872 introduction to the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels acknowledged the important influence of the Paris Commune on their thinking: â€Å"One thing especially was proved by the Commune, viz., that ‘the working class cannot simply lay hold of ready-made state machinery, and wield it for its own purposes.’"[ii] The Manifesto would soon become the most widely read publication of the modern working class (Proletariat) movement. By the late 19th century, through the influence of the Internationals (communist organizations), Marx’s ideas had become popular with the European trade movement, and the major socialist parties were committed to his ideas in theory if not in practice. A major separation occurred, however, between those socialists who believed that violent revolution was inevitable, and those, most notably Eduard Bernstein, who argued that socialism could be achieved by evolution. Both groups could cite Marx as their a... ... on humans all over the world. Notes [i] Bob Jessop, The Communist Manifesto as a Historical Document, <http://members.jcom.home.ne.jp/katori/Jessop_on_CM.html> (21 March 2002). [ii] Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Preface to the German Edition of 1872, in Manifesto of the Communist Party, (New York: Pathfinder, 1987), 13. [iii] Paul Dorn, Two Months of Red Splendor: The Paris Commune and Marx’ Theory of Revolution, <http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~pdorn/Marx.html> (21 March 2002) [iv] Dorn [v] Dorn [vi] Paul Lewis, For Many, Marx’s Manifesto Remains Relevant, The New York Times (Sept. 21, 1997). [vii] Lewis [viii] Jessop [ix] Philip J. Kain, Marx and Modern Political Theory, (Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1993), 360. [x] Kain, 360

Neo-Marxist Contribution to Theories O Social Class Inequality Essay

How far would you say that Neo-Marxist have contributed to the continuing relevance of theories of social class inequality today? Social class inequality can be defined as the existence of socially created inequalities among and within classes. They can be attributed to various factors such as race, colour, ethnicity, gender, income, etc. It is arguable that inequalities that exist in post-independence societies as well as the inequalities which exist between nations can be directly traced back to the exploitative capitalism which accompanied European colonialism. Neo-Marxism has indeed contributed to the continuing relevance of theories of social class inequality in contemporary times. Therefore, the aim of this essay is to identify the nature of Neo-Marxism, its emergence as a school of thought, the main views of Neo-Marxism and its application to today as it regards to Social Class Inequality. Neo-Marxism for the purpose of this research paper can be defined as : a term loosely applied to any social theory or sociological analysis which draws on the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, but amends or extends these, usually by incorporating elements from other intellectual traditions—such as, for example, psychoanalysis (as in the case of critical theory), Weberian sociology (as in Erik Olin Wright’s theory of contradictory class locations), or anarchism (as in the example of critical criminology). Site ref) This social theory emerged during the late 1960’s and early 1970’s through the Frankfurt School, in Germany. This institution was referred to as the Institute of Social Research at the University of Frankfurt, Germany. The early Neo-Marxists from that school were Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, Theodor Adorno and Leo Lowenthal among others. Max Horkheimer referred to this new strain of Marxism as Critical Theory in 1937; it is a social theory oriented towards critiquing and changing society as a whole, in contrast to the traditional Marxist theory that just sought to explain it . The fundamental principles of critical social theory is that it should be directed at the totality of the society; that is how it has been organised at differentiating historical times. And in addition it should improve on the understanding of our society through integrating the major social sciences. Neo-Marxism therefore held views that were synonymous with Marxism however they were amended and extended on his principles to keep up with modern times. Neo-Marxism, according to neo-marxist Nicos Poulantzas sought to answer three basic questions that traditional Marxist was unable to deliver a rationale for. These questions were firstly, why did the socialist and social democratic political parties not band together against WWI? (Instead of support for their own countries). Secondly, why although the timing seemed right for a workers revolution in the west it did not take place? And lastly how did fascism take place in Europe at this time? Neo-Marxism is based on the total political-economic-cultural systems that exist in contemporary societies. Neo-Marxists were concerned with the growth of the middle class, which changed the traditional Marxist class view of there being only two classes; to the introduction of a new class -the middle class. They studied the composition of the labour force; that is the fragmentation of the working class and the decomposition of capital; that is the growth in the middle class. They needed to discover whether or not social mobility was beneficial to the lower class or whether or not it leads to the maintenance of the status quo. It is believed that ‘Mobility acts as a political safety valves’. (Parkin) It maintains the ideals of ruling class by providing hope to the working class so they would not want to form a revolution against the capitalist system. Neo-Marxists also found that there was a heterogeneous nature among classes; this was evident there were classes within classes. The main Marxist views that were retained by neo-Marxist are that the theory of dialectical materialism remains. This theory of change implies that the world including human beings is â€Å"Matter in motion† and progress occurs through struggle. They also shared the belief that capitalism is an alienating, exploitative system, subordinating human to the interest of hegemonic elites. The society then becomes one that upholds the values as the ruling class and these values inherently become the values of the people within the society. This was posited by Antonio Gramsci, an Italian journalist and politician who suffered at the hand of the fascist dictator that ruled Italy in 1937. He also writes that inequality exists as people are led to believe that it is inevitable. He also credits religion as the most important forms of metal control; as it teaches people to seek reward in heaven and not equality on earth. They were inclined to bear the inequality on earth as they believed that one day they would be rewarded in heaven. Another principle of Marxism that remained is the idea that only socialism had to be treated as the only form of human organisation worth thriving for. This is imperative as it returns to the workers all the profits of their labour, as opposed to the capitalist system. In which the Bourgeoisie retains their profits for themselves; instead of allowing the proletariat to enjoy the fruits of their labour.

Cultural Considerations Remote or Robotic Surgery Essay

LAS432 Team Project Guidelines Objective This capstone course concludes with a research Team Project that starts during the first week and continues throughout the duration of the class. It culminates with the submission of a formal team report and an oral presentation by each team during Week 7, and Peer Reviews in Week 8. Each team will identify and explore an emerging technology. This will be a technology that may already exist, but is drawing attention because of new applications, anticipated impacts or potential controversies. Examples could include: My portion of this paper is Cultural Considerations: we have chosen (Robtic surgery as our topic) Cultural Considerations: This is a really important section. Consider the†¦show more content†¦With respect to graded group work the Team Leader must distribute the finished project to the team so that each member may submit it individually to the dropbox. With respect to individually graded segments of the project, each team member is responsible for compiling his/her own assignment and submitting it to the dropbox. Rubrics: All rubrics for the Team Project can be found in DocSharing. . Week 1: Research Topic and Outline (possible 50 points, group grade) Each team will select a topic for research and a Team Leader. Using the list of required elements for the project, each member of the team will take responsibility for researching specific aspects of the technology. The team will then produce a detailed outline for the project, noting each team member’s research sections. Please note, the list of required elements is just that – a list – and does not constitute an outline. Thesis Statement: Each outline assignment should begin with a thesis statement. This thesis sentence presents the central idea of the paper. It must always be a complete, grammatical sentence, specific and brief, which expresses the point of view you are taking towards the subject. (You will need to collaborate with your group on the perspective of the thesis.) This thesis statement will be included in the introduction of your final report and the opening of your presentation. 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Description of the Technology (Melissa Cutrer)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5-12 II. History of the Technology (Melissa Cutrer)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.12-17 III. 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